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The Forty Days of Musa Dagh
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This 1933 novel by Austrian-Bohemian writer, Franz Werfel is based on true events that took place during World War I and the Armenian Genocide. It's focus is on the self-defense of a small community of Armenians. The scope of the Genocide were little known until Werfel's novel. The book achieved international success and has been credited with bringing awareness to the world of the events in 1915. It also foreshadows the Holocaust of WWII and the rise of Adolf Hitle and Nazi Germany. According to Wikipedia: Franz Werfel had served as a corporal and telephone operator in the Austro-Hungarian Army artillery during WWI on the Russian front, and later as a propaganda writer for the Military Press Bureau (with Rainer Maria Rilke) in vienna.
- Sales Rank: #877506 in Books
- Published on: 1934
- Number of items: 1
- Binding: Hardcover
- 824 pages
Most helpful customer reviews
2 of 2 people found the following review helpful.
Of Tragedy and Hope
By L. King
Published in 1934, Werfel's novel is THE iconic story of the Armenian genocide and of what was, in effect, the Warsaw ghetto of the first World War. For the most part Armenian Christians were led passively to their deaths. Like the Jews under Germany, the cover story was "transfer" and under the cover of a world war innocent Armenians were treated as a potential fifth column deserving nothing better than extermination. Men were conscripted for construction work crews and then killed. Whole villages were sent unprepared on death marches while their churches were turned into mosques and their homes and properties were turned over to their Muslim neighbours. A notable and heroic exception were the 6 (7 in the novel) villages surrounding Musa Dagh, a mountain facing the Mediterranean coast near Antioch and Hatay in what is today southern Turkey.
In contemporary terms the pacing is a bit slow yet it is incredibly moving. The central character Gabriel Bagradian is the scion of an Armenian trading family who has returned home after the death of his older brother Avetis to his ancestral village of Yoghonoluk. with his 13 year old son Stephan and his French wife Juliette. As a former artillery officer in the Ottoman artillery he expected to be drafted into the army he is dismayed to that he is asked to surrender his internal passport and that there is no need for Armenian officer and that his marching orders will be of a different kind. In a short period of time he gradually discerns what is unfolding and of the Turk's plans for his people. Confirming his worst apprehensions he receives news of the ethnic cleansing of Zeitoun to which Werfel devotes a chapter. What today's readers may not realize is that Zeitoun was the emblem of Armenian resistance to the Hamidan massacres of the 1890s having successfully held off the Sultan's forces with a poorly equipped force against an army of 50,000. For Zeitoun to have fallen is a very bad omen indeed.
Gradually Bagradian comes up with a plan which requires that the villagers abandon their homes to the Turks and set up a series of defenses on the mountain in the hope either of rescue (a huge banner made of bed sheets with the words "Christians in Distress, Please Help" is hung on the seaward side of the mountain in the hopes that a passing Allied ship will see it) or outlasting the war. It's put to a vote and a small minority disagree lead by Hurutiun Nokhudian the Protestant pastor and leader of a faction who decide that it is better to be exiled than to risk death in a fight, only later to realize how horribly fatal this was.
What makes the novel work so well is the juxtaposition of Musa Dagh's tragedy of expectant hope with its portrayals of memorable human characters. In addition to the Bagradians we are drawn into the small family of Aram Tomasian a Pastor and Zeitouni refugee, Sarkis Kilikiam the Armenian-Russian army deserter who has been abused most of his life, Hrand Oskanian the pretentious school master, Gonzague Maris, the Greek-American visitor who stays with the resistance but only because he has taken an interest in seducing Juliette, Krikor the village pharmacist and story teller with his library full of books that he cannot read, and Ter Haigasun the village priest who assumes the role of civilian leadership of the community on the mountain. As the siege progresses one encounters both heroism and human flaws as the community slowly and Bagradian himself begins to dissolve under pressure.
Another aspect of the book worth reading, which could be read completely separately as telling background on the Genocide, are the two accounts drawn from the notes and experiences of non-fictional Johannes Lepsius a German activist priest who tried to intervene on the side of the Armenians. Chapter 5 of Book I (the novel is divided into 3 sections) entitled "Interlude of the Gods" describes his meeting with Enver Pasha, one of the three Turkish leaders in charge of Turkish war efforts, the man behind the orders to exterminate the Armenian people. It is as chilling as if it were 25 years later and he was meeting with Adolph HItler. Chapter 1 of Book 3, which has the same title starts with a chance encounter with Enver Pasha again but mostly concerns a meeting Lepsius may have had (I'm less sure that this was an actual event) with the leader of a secret Sufi society who agrees to funnel aid to the Armenians on Lepsius' behalf where it is possible.
A most memorable read with a very useful list of characters and a glossary of Turkish and Armenian terms at the back. Lepsius' encounter alone makes it worth having and this chapter could easily be used in the classroom to acquaint students with the particulars of the Armenian Genocide as part of a unit on genocide studies.
Highly recommended.
1 of 1 people found the following review helpful.
Armed Resistance Saved Lives
By Acute Observer
The Forty Days of Musa Dagh
Franz Werfel was born in Prague, graduated from the University of Leipzig, and became a lecturer in philosophy at age 22. During WW I he served in the German Army on the Russian front. After his trip to Damascus in 1929 he learned about the Armenian people. He became a writer in Vienna and wrote this book in 1932-33. Then he fled to Paris to escape the Nazi occupation of Austria. Chapter 5 of Book One is based on the historic records of a conversation between Enver Pasha and Pastor Johannes Lepsius. [You should always leave early for an important meeting.] The Turks ordered the deportation of the Armenians to desert lands that even Bedouins avoided. The purpose was annihilation. Those who survived the march would perish in the desert. This novel is divided into three Books and eighteen chapters on its 824 pages.
In the past weapons were distributed to the people. Later an order came to disarm the Armenian population (Chapter 6). But without registration this was impossible. The rifles were carefully buried in a graveyard. [If found, they cannot be connected to any house.] Reliable information said the people would be taken away, their houses and property taken by others. The rich and learned will be targeted. The Armenians held a meeting to decide what to do. Banishment meant a slow death. Will the people of these seven villages wait to be transported or take up arms and seek refuge in the mountains of Musa Dagh? The absence would have to be masked. Only three days to prepare! Families would stay together, other work would be in common. Surreptitiously supplies were carried from the villages. The Turkish gendarmes arrived to begin deportation. (Chapter 7 of Book One). But the villagers left in the night to find a refuge in the mountains.
Book Two Chapter 1 tells about their life on the mountain. A thunderstorm and hail created unforeseen problems! Then they saw an infantry company marching into a village. Their ambush is successful, they gained rifles, ammunition, food, and uniforms. The captives were sent back with a warning. Chapter 2 describes life in the camp. Two weeks later the Turks returned with artillery. An avalanche of rocks attacked infantrymen. The Turks were defeated again. Life in the camp goes on, there are deaths and births. A surprise raid captured two howitzers! The seven deserted villages were filled with Arabs who were given these properties. A few deserters joined their ranks. Can they send a message for help? The next Turkish attack was more successful. A wind sent burning brush fires against the Turks. But increased losses caused dissension (Chapter 4).
Fever broke out in the camp for new problem. The Germans can’t do much for fear the Turks would switch sides (Book Three, Chapter 1). Pastor Lepsius visits Turks who object to the treatment of the “ermeni millet”. One of the messengers could not continue and tried to return. One night sheep were stolen from the unarmed shepherds! Anger erupted among the council members because of the threatened famine. A plague of locusts devastated the crops of Syria. Gabriel proposed a sneak attack at night to capture food and win freedom. Starvation caused dissension. A fire spread to the huts! People moved closer to the shore. Then the noise of a big gun caused changes. A French cruise came near to shore because of the glow of the fires. The sick were carried to the ship and kept separate from the well. Families were kept together when possible. Gabriel climbed the mountain for one last look, then slept. Will he be the last to go?
This novel told about a little-known event of the Great War. It tells about the dispossession of a people and their destruction by resettlement to another area. Such events have occurred over the ages. Longfellow’s “Evangeline” was one example in North America. Were there others?
1 of 1 people found the following review helpful.
Long book - a little over 800 pages - however ...
By laurel cobb
Long book - a little over 800 pages - however, it never ceases to be gripping. Werfel writes with exquisite, meticulous detail about people, their reasoning, their emotions. His descriptions of battles are written to read as if the reader is at the battle with none of the Hollywood bravado or titillating gore. The description of the famine atop Musa Dagh will haunt the sensitive reader for some time.
At the end of the book, the rescuing French rear-admiral said in remarking on their valiant feat: ...(you) emerged victorious in the desperate struggle for bare life. this deed merits not to be forgotten......You...have given proof of the most exalted of all heroisms - Christian heroism, which defends something more precious than hearth and home. (p 792)
This book reminds me of Island of the World by Michael O'Brien.
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